姑苑玛：“土木之变”与明蒙使者往来 …… 长城小站:《中国长城文献资料数据库》

《“土木之变”与明蒙使者往来》
　　　　　A Study of "The event of Tumubuu" and Contacts between Ming and Mongol Emissary
作　　者：姑苑玛
　　　　　内蒙古大学蒙古学研究中心，内蒙古呼和浩特010021
出　　处：蒙古学集刊 2009年第4期
发表时间：2009-11-18
分类号：K248
文　　摘：

正统年间，明蒙通使往来达到了一个高峰。正统末年，反剌也先发动了对明战争。明英宗在土木堡（今河北省怀来东）被俘。事变发生后，明蒙围绕此事，频繁遣使弥缝，力图挽回局面。虽事变给明蒙关系带来的阴影长时间挥之不去，但双方的使者为顺利解决事件发挥了重要作用。

关键词：土木之变使者往来
正　　文：

　　从洪武初年始，明廷就采取军事征服和政治拉拢相结合的策略，以军事与经济实力为依托，不断地向蒙古派出各类使者，执行各种使命。终明之世，明蒙间的使者交通虽然层次有高低，往来有疏密，但一直没有中断过。
　　宣德而后，瓦剌势力在蒙古高原取得了绝对 ……

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参考文献：

注释

①王雄：《关于阿台汗》，载《蒙古史研究》第五辑，内蒙古大学出版社，1997年。据宝音德力根考证，阿台可汗在位时间应为1410-1437年（宝音德力根《15世纪中叶前的北元可汗世系及政局》，载《蒙古史研究》第六辑，内蒙古大学出版社，2000年）。

参考文献

[1]明实录[M].景泰四年冬十月成戌，台湾中央研究院历史语言研究所，1962.
[2]张庭玉.明史[M].卷328，《反剌传》，北京：中华书局，1974. 8499.
[3]陈子龙辑.明经世文编[M].卷十九，胡逢《论虑情疏》，北京：中华书局，1962.
[4]明英宗实录[M].景泰三年闰九月丙戌.
[5]明英宗实录[M].正统七年二月乙即，十年十二月丙寅.
[6]明英宗实录[M].正统七年正月癸未，九月乙丑，九月庚辰；白翠琴.从经济交流看反刺与中原地区的关系[A].中国史学会成立大会纪念集刊[C].中国蒙古史学会编印，1979.
[7]明史[M].卷327，《I达黎传》.
[8]明英宗实录[M].景泰元年七月癸亥；[清]谷应泰.明史纪事本末[M].卷之三十三，《景帝极守御〉〉，北京：中化书局，1977;李实.北使录[A].明代蒙古汉籍史料汇编[C].第一辑，内蒙古大学出版社，1993.
[9]明英宗实录[M].景泰元年七月己巳、庚午，八月壬申、辛巳、丙戌、癸巳；明史纪事本末[M].卷之三十三，《景帝登极守御》.

收稿日期：2009-11-18;

基金项目：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地内蒙古大学蒙古学研究中心基地重大项目（批准号08nD85()214);

作者简介：姑甚玛（1970—),女，蒙古族，内蒙古通辽市扎鲁特旗人。内蒙古大学蒙古学研究中心助理研究员，博士，主要从事蒙古历史研究。

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�Ĕ逢：“΁ľ֮�䡱ԫķĉ -- [未验证] Britt (2025-06-07 11:02:35)

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�Ĕ逢：“΁ľ֮�䡱ԫķĉ -- [未验证] Lucile (2025-06-06 10:01:35)

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�Ĕ逢：“΁ľ֮�䡱ԫķĉ -- [未验证] Domingo (2025-06-06 04:42:31)

A meta-analysis research with 985 sarcopenic individuals has demonstrated that exercise
considerably elevated muscle power (grip strength, knee extension),
physical operate (timed up and go, chair-stand, and gait speed), and muscle mass when in comparability with
management (Zhang et al., 2021b). However, one other meta-analysis has shown no variations in muscle
mass in sarcopenic people who were submitted to train when in comparability with management (Hsu et al.,
2019; Bao et al., 2020; Escriche-Escuder et al., 2021).
These conflicting outcomes may be explained by the completely different
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These aforementioned studies put on the spot that some sarcopenic individuals might not profit from an exercise program.
Kanayama et al. [107] assessed 89 weightlifters, 48 of whom AAS current and past customers
and 41 AAS nonusers, on measures of shallowness, attitudes in the direction of male roles, physique picture,
consuming attitudes and issues, and muscle dysmorphia.
Present and past AAS users showed no significant variations from nonusers on most measures, though they did present a touch higher complete score on the six
subscales of the Consuming Problems Inventory, and, most importantly, they confirmed extra muscle dysmorphia.
Moreover, a distinction was made amongst
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Notably, the ventral prostate of the rat turned the mannequin organ for androgenic
exercise in the famend Hershberger androgen bioassay, which
was developed in 1953 (82). While a severely flawed approach, the bioassay remains in use at present, to some extent, within the quest
for selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) (83, 84).
Yes, should you take prescription anabolic steroids underneath the supervision of your healthcare supplier for a medical cause, anabolic steroids are generally secure.

However, research administering 3.5-5 mg/kg testosterone in rodents discovered anxiolytic effects [91-93].
These research used along with the elevated plus maze take a look at, the open-field and the
Vogel conflict paradigms [94]. Another examine that
found anxiolytic results for AASs employed 17-_-hydroxy-1-methyl-5_-androstan-3-one in male rats [95].

The concerted motion of LH and FSH on the testes stimulates spermatogenesis,
and suppression of those hormones inhibits it.
FSH acts immediately on spermatogenesis by activating FSH receptors on Sertoli cells, whereas LH works indirectly via stimulating testosterone manufacturing by
activating LHCGRs on Leydig cells, which in turn activates
ARs on Sertoli cells (179). Regardless Of testosterone being the first mediator of
LH_s effect on spermatogenesis, exogenous administration of testosterone can not assist spermatogenesis.
Intratesticular testosterone (ITT) levels are about 50 to 100 instances larger than in circulation (180)
and exogenous administration severely suppresses this to levels that are unable to assist spermatogenesis (181).

The organic results of SAAs and their metabolites are
primarily mediated by intracellular receptors current
within the mind and reproductive system as well as many non-reproductive tissues similar to bone,
skeletal muscle, liver, kidney, and adipocytes [4,5].
Mind receptors for sex hormones are widespread within the mind, notably affecting
regions such as the brainstem, hypothalamus, amygdala,
striatum, hippocampus, and cortex [4,5]. Receptors for sex hormones are widespread within the brain, particularly in such regions because the brainstem,
hypothalamus, amygdala, striatum, hippocampus, and cerebral
cortex.
The anabolic impact is expounded to the retention of
nitrogen which finally ends up in a rise in its bioavailability to tissues and
a lower in the activity of glucocorticosteroids which reduces catabolic reactions.
Hormonal adjustments play a fundamental role in the pathophysiology of sarcopenia (Basualto-Alarc髇 et al., 2014;
Shin et al., 2018). Blood concentrations of anabolic hormones are identified to
lower as humans age and this may intrude with muscle mass and bodily features (McKee et
al., 2017; Stangl et al., 2019). The AASs comprise the endogenous testosterone and
its pharmacology-derivated molecules, during which the chemical construction of testosterone was modified to confer
distinct patterns of muscle anabolism and/or androgenic effects (Srinivas-Shankar and Wu, 2006; Kicman, 2008; Hoffman et al.,
2009). One issue in learning AAS dependence has been the
illicit nature of those substances, thus the existing research, mainly observational,
have usually discovered difficulties in verifying
their actual nature or quantities taken. Moreover,
many AAS customers concurrently consume different APEDs and dietary dietary supplements that
will have psychopathological results which turn into indistinguishable from these because of AASs within the context of a posh psychiatric presentation.
AAS use is widespread as a result of their capacity to enhance muscle progress for aesthetic purposes
and athletes' performance, minimizing androgenic effects.

AAS use may be very popular and 1-3% of US inhabitants
have been estimated to be AAS customers. Nevertheless,
AASs have side effects, involving all organs, tissues and physique functions, particularly long-term toxicity involving the cardiovascular system and the reproductive system, thereby, their abuse is taken into account
a public health issue. The goal of the proposed evaluation is to highlight the most recent proof regarding
the mechanisms of motion of AASs and their negative effects on organs and lifestyle, in addition to
suggesting that AAS misuse and abuse result in antagonistic
effects in all physique tissues and organs. Oxidative stress, apoptosis, and protein synthesis alteration are frequent mechanisms involved in AAS-related harm in the whole
physique.
This evaluate highlights the molecular mechanisms, physiological processes, and scientific problems arising from the excessive use of AAS amongst athletes.
Androgen use has become a significant public well being concern as a outcome of transition of use of androgens from strictly sports activities to a a lot wider spectrum of the population. Anabolic-androgenic best steroids to use (alfa.edu.Rs) (AAS) are steroidal androgens which embrace natural
androgens similar to male sex hormone testosterone or might be synthetic to imitate the motion of
the endogenous male hormone. For example, athletes abuse anabolic steroids to reinforce efficiency and extend endurance.
Non-athletic folks misuse anabolic steroids to extend physique weight and lean muscle
mass without growing fat mass in the body. The potential
side effects of anabolic steroid abuse are significant, and well being care suppliers should concentrate on patients vulnerable
to anabolic-androgenic steroid misuse.
Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone which have each medical functions and a high potential for misuse.
These brokers play a critical function in managing
conditions corresponding to major hypogonadism, delayed male puberty, hypogonadotropic and idiopathic hypogonadism, Kallman syndrome, luteinizing hormone-releasing
hormone deficiency, and dysfunction of the pituitary-hypothalamic axis.
Regardless Of their therapeutic benefits, anabolic steroids are incessantly
misused because of their ability to boost muscle dimension and power,
which might lead to important adverse effects and long-term health risks.
The duration and diploma of recovery from anabolic steroid-induced hypogonadism (ASIH)
is immensely variable, and there's a paucity of prospective controlled data characterising
the trajectory of pure restoration following cessation.

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